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May 19, 1920 Massacre Embodies Miners’ Struggles
By: Associated Press
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The bullet holes in the brick wall of a former post office serve as a reminder of how Appalachian coal miners fought to improve the lives of workers a century ago.
Ten people were killed in a gun battle between miners, who were led by a local police chief, and a group of private security guards who were hired to evict them for joining a union in Matewan, a small “company town” in West Virginia.
Plans to commemorate what became known as the Matewan Massacre have been delayed by the coronavirus pandemic until September at least.
But historians consider the bloodshed on May 19, 1920, memorialized in the 1987 film “Matewan,” to be a landmark moment in the battles for workers’ rights that raged across the Appalachian the coalfields in the early 20th century.
“Working conditions in the mines, you know, a lot of the men
were just young boys that were, you know, dying in there. You know, ten, twelve, 13 years old at the time being working in the mines. And so just all those things that we take for granted today while they were struggling for back then,” said David Hatfield, owner of the Historic Matewan House Bed and Breakfast.
Company towns were particularly prevalent in remote areas like southern West Virginia, which had the nation’s largest concentration of nonunion minors in 1920.
And when the United Mine Workers came to town, coal companies retaliated.
The Stone Mountain Coal Co. hired Baldwin-Felts Agency detectives to evict union families from company-owned homes.
Executive Albert Felts brought a dozen men to Matewan, including two who had been involved in violent strike-breaking efforts six years earlier in Ludlow, Colorado.
The miners stood their ground, and the detectives were headed out when they were confronted by a group led by Matewan Police Chief Sid Hatfield.
Killed in the gunfire were Albert Felts, his brother, Lee, five other Baldwin-Felts detectives, Matewan Mayor Cabell Testerman and two bystanders.
Fifteen months later, Hatfield was gone, too, gunned down by Baldwin-Felts detectives on the McDowell County courthouse steps.
He was 28.
More determined than ever to organize, miners marched by the thousands, leading to the 12-day Battle of Blair Mountain in the summer of 1921.
Sixteen men died before they surrendered to federal troops.
The UMW’s campaign in southern West Virginia then stalled, along with labor setbacks in steel, meat packing and railroads following World War I.
Appalachian coal operators felt they needed to remain nonunion in order to survive, Martin said.
In her 1925 autobiography, union organizer Mary Harris “Mother” Jones said she witnessed multiple conflicts between “the industrial slaves and their masters” during visits to West Virginia, but couldn’t persuade the governor to challenge the coal operators.
The UMW also bankrolled the organization that would become the United Steelworkers, and with John L. Lewis leading the UMW from 1920 to 1960, national membership peaked at about 500,000 during World War II.
The union helped push through major improvements to health, safety and pensions, across the U.S. workforce.
But over the next half century, mechanization, fierce industry opposition and the rise of competing fuel sources severely reduced coal jobs and union membership.
The Stone Mountain Coal Co. is long gone, but Matewan still stands, as does its union hall.
The town has lost half of its population since 1980, but it has survived the shootings, three dozen floods from the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy River before a floodwall was built, a 1992 fire that destroyed several downtown businesses and the opioid crisis that has ravaged the state.
Museum tour guide Kim McCoy, whose maiden name is Hatfield, married a great-grandson of the McCoy family.
She grew up in Matewan’s coal camps and is a great niece both of family patriarch William Anderson “Devil Anse” Hatfield and Sid Hatfield, who refused to let hired guns evict his neighbors a century ago.
David Hatfield, who operates a Matewan bed-and-breakfast and is Sid Hatfield’s great nephew, said Americans today benefit from what the miners strived for, including better working conditions.
Feelings about unions are mixed, but locals say the movie helped lift a shroud of silence that kept people from even mentioning the shootings.
Now the Kentucky border town of about 430 residents leans on tourism about the massacre, as well as the famous feud between the Hatfields of West Virginia and the McCoys of Kentucky.