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Daily ‘breath training’ can work as well as medicine to reduce high blood pressure
By: Allison Aubrey | NPR
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WASHINGTON, D.C. (NPR) — It’s well known that weightlifting can strengthen our biceps and quads. Now, there’s accumulating evidence that strengthening the muscles we use to breathe is beneficial too. New research shows that a daily dose of muscle training for the diaphragm and other breathing muscles helps promote heart health and reduces high blood pressure.
“The muscles we use to breathe atrophy, just like the rest of our muscles tend to do as we get older,” explains researcher Daniel Craighead, an integrative physiologist at the University of Colorado Boulder. To test what happens when these muscles are given a good workout, he and his colleagues recruited healthy volunteers ages 18 to 82 to try a daily five-minute technique using a resistance-breathing training device called PowerBreathe. The hand-held machine — one of several on the market — looks like an inhaler. When people breathe into it, the device provides resistance, making it harder to inhale.
How it works
“We found that doing 30 breaths per day for six weeks lowers systolic blood pressure by about 9 millimeters of mercury,” Craighead says. And those reductions are about what could be expected with conventional aerobic exercise, he says — such as walking, running or cycling.
A normal blood pressure reading is less than about 120/80 mmHg, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These days, some health care professionals diagnose patients with high blood pressure if their average reading is consistently 130/80 mmHg or higher, the CDC notes.
The impact of a sustained 9 mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure (the first number in the ratio) is significant, says Michael Joyner, a physician at the Mayo Clinic who studies how the nervous system regulates blood pressure. “That’s the type of reduction you see with a blood pressure drug,” Joyner says. Research has shown many common blood pressure medications lead to about a 9 mmHg reduction. The reductions are higher when people combine multiple medications, but a 10 mmHg reduction correlates with a 35% drop in the risk of stroke and a 25% drop in the risk of heart disease.
The training helps prevent high blood pressure too
“I think it’s promising,” Joyner says about the prospects of integrating strength training for the respiratory muscles into preventive care. It could be beneficial for people who are unable to do traditional aerobic exercise, he says, and the simplicity is appealing, too, given people can easily use the device at home.
“Taking a deep, resisted, breath offers a new and unconventional way to generate the benefits of exercise and physical activity,” Joyner concluded in an editorial that was published alongside a prior study in the Journal of the American Heart Association.
So, how exactly does breath training lower blood pressure? Craighead points to the role of endothelial cells, which line our blood vessels and promote the production of nitric oxide — a key compound that protects the heart. Nitric oxide helps widen our blood vessels, promoting good blood flow, which prevents the buildup of plaque in arteries. “What we found was that six weeks of IMST [inspiratory-muscle strength training] will increase endothelial function by about 45%,” Craighead explains.
Good for all ages, and could help athletes’ endurance
It has long been known that deep diaphragmatic breathing — often used during meditation or mindfulness practices — can help lower blood pressure too. Muscle training with the PowerBreathe device works in a similar way, engaging the breathing muscles and promoting the production of nitric oxide. The particular helpfulness of the IMST device, Craighead says, is that it requires less time to get the benefit because the small machine adds the resistance that gives the muscles a good workout. His research is funded by the National Institutes of Health.
The new study builds on the prior study and adds to the evidence that IMST — which is essentially strength training for the respiratory muscles — is beneficial for adults of all ages. “We were surprised to see how ubiquitously effective IMST is at lowering blood pressure,” Craighead says. Before the results came in, he’d suspected that young, healthy adults might not benefit as much. “But we saw robust effects,” he says, pointing to a significant decline in blood pressure for participants of all ages. He says the finding suggests IMST could help healthy young people prevent heart disease and the rise in blood pressure that tends to occur with aging.
There may also be benefits for elite cyclists, runners and other endurance athletes, he says, citing data that six weeks of IMST increased aerobic exercise tolerance by 12% in middle-aged and older adults.
“So we suspect that IMST consisting of only 30 breaths per day would be very helpful in endurance exercise events,” Craighead says. It’s a technique that athletes could add to their training regimens. Craighead, whose personal marathon best is 2 hours, 21 minutes, says he has incorporated IMST as part of his own training.
The technique is not intended to replace exercise, he cautions, or to replace medication for people whose blood pressure is so elevated that they’re at high risk of having a heart attack or stroke. Instead, Craighead says, “it would be a good additive intervention for people who are doing other healthy lifestyle approaches already.”
This is the way Theresa D. Hernandez, 61, sees the breathing exercises. She lives in Boulder, has a family history of high blood pressure and participated in the Colorado research. When the study began, she had blood pressure readings near the threshold at which doctors recommend medications.
“It was a surprise that something as simple could be so profound in terms of its impact,” says Hernandez of the six weeks of breathing exercises. “It took my blood pressure to under the threshold so that I would not need to take medication,” she says.
Her blood pressure dropped significantly, and she says she plans to stick with it — five minutes every day.
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Transcript :
RACHEL MARTIN, HOST:
Millions of Americans take medicine for high blood pressure, and millions more are on the cusp of needing to do so. Now researchers in Colorado have new evidence that a device used during the pandemic to help COVID patients breathe better is also helpful in preventing high blood pressure and promoting good heart health for people at any age. Here’s NPR’s Allison Aubrey.
ALLISON AUBREY, BYLINE: During the early days of the pandemic, respiratory therapists who treated hospitalized COVID patients in the Netherlands started to experiment with a simple technique to help patients breathe better. Daniel Langer of University Hospital Leuven used it with patients coming off of ventilators and also in people who’d had mild COVID but still had shortness of breath.
DANIEL LANGER: What I asked the patient to do is to perform every day about five to 10 minutes of breathing exercises.
AUBREY: After a respiratory infection like COVID, some people lose strength in their breathing muscles, including the diaphragm. To help build it back, Langer prescribes a device that looks kind of like an inhaler. When patients breathe into it, the device provides resistance, making it harder to inhale.
LANGER: It’s like a few sets of six to eight or 10 repetitions. We do the training, and we see that strength improves.
AUBREY: A randomized controlled trial showed the technique improved shortness of breath, and it turns out that the benefits are much, much broader. Researchers at the University of Colorado have just published a new study that shows strength training for your breathing muscles can improve measures of heart health and reduce blood pressure, even for young, healthy people. Here’s exercise physiologist Daniel Craighead.
DANIEL CRAIGHEAD: Our respiratory function does decline as we age. So those muscles we use to breathe atrophy, just like the rest of our muscles.
AUBREY: In order to study how strength training for breathing muscles can influence heart health, Craighead and his colleagues recruited a bunch of participants to use the breathing trainer device called PowerBreathe. Their research is funded by the National Institutes of Health.
CRAIGHEAD: We found that doing 30 resisted breaths per day for six weeks will lower systolic blood pressure by about 9 millimeters mercury. And those reductions are at least as large as what we see with conventional aerobic exercise, like walking, running or cycling.
AUBREY: One way this works has to do with the endothelial cells which line our blood vessels. These cells help produce nitric oxide, which widens the blood vessels and helps prevent the buildup of plaque in our arteries. It’s long been known that diaphragmatic or meditation breathing can help lower blood pressure, and Craighead says the benefits of this technique that he refers to as IMST is that it takes less time to get the benefit.
CRAIGHEAD: What we found was that six weeks of IMST will increase endothelial function by about 45%. So that suggests that in the long term, people would have a much lower cardiovascular disease risk.
AUBREY: Follow-up studies will help determine how long the effects hold up, and physician Michael Joyner of the Mayo Clinic says the results are promising so far.
MICHAEL JOYNER: I think promising for several reasons. I think it’s promising because of the simplicity of the technique and also the magnitude of the effect. If you start seeing reductions in blood pressure of, you know, 5 millimeters or five points or six or seven or eight, that’s the type of reduction you see with a drug, an anti-blood pressure drug.
AUBREY: Breathing training may not replace blood pressure medications for people at high risk, nor is it a replacement for exercise, which has many other benefits. But it is a technique that, if added as a daily habit, could help to reduce the risk of heart disease. That’s the way 61-year-old Theresa Hernandez, who has high blood pressure in her family, sees it. She participated in the Colorado study and did the training with the PowerBreathe device for six weeks.
THERESA HERNANDEZ: It was a surprise that something as simple could be so profound in terms of its impact.
AUBREY: Her blood pressure dropped, and her endothelial function improved significantly. Now the researchers want to explore potential benefits for endurance athletes, such as cyclists and long-distance runners who want to improve their performance.
Allison Aubrey, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.