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Expert give advice about campus safety after recent shootings
By: Rachel Treisman | NPR
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WASHINGTON (NPR) — Two tragedies just three days and several hundred miles apart from each other are drawing renewed attention to college campus safety.
On Monday, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill spent more than three hours in lockdown as an armed assailant roamed campus and was ultimately taken into custody after fatally shooting a faculty member.
On Saturday, a gunman drove onto the campus of Edward Waters University, a historically Black university in Jacksonville, Fla., with a bulletproof vest, gloves and mask. Concerned students alerted a public safety officer, who approached the car. The driver sped away — then shot and killed three Black people at a nearby Dollar General store. The incident is now being investigated as a hate crime.
Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis has since directed $1 million toward campus security at Edward Waters University – in addition to $100,000 for the victims’ families. His office said the Florida Department of Law Enforcement has also started visiting the campus, monitoring social media for any additional threats, and working with the university to assess its security infrastructure.
In North Carolina, Gov. Ron Cooper has said the state will provide “any assistance necessary” to support the UNC community. And Chancellor Kevin Guskiewicz says the school will offer counseling services and “opportunities to grieve and process.”
“This shooting damages the trust and safety that we so often take for granted on our campus,” he said in an announcement. “We will work to rebuild that trust and safety.”
On one campus, a community is hailing some of its members as heroes, even as it grieves the loss of life nearby. On another, students — many of whom spent hours barricaded in dorm rooms and classrooms (with some even jumping out of windows) — are left shocked and shaken.
Together, they raise questions, like: How great is the threat to university campuses?
And what can be done to make them safer?
Steven Healy, the CEO of the Healy+ Group — a firm that specializes in campus security — told Morning Edition that campus and security officials must have “active violence situations” on their radar.
“There’s no way that we can categorically dismiss an incident like this, and so it has to be part of our ongoing risk assessment,” he said. “We have to think about, what are we doing to both prevent such an event but also to be able to respond if a tragedy like this happens on our campus as we saw unfolding at Chapel Hill.”
What we’ve learned about campus safety
Attacks on higher education campuses in the U.S. are relatively rare, difficult to define, and are not centrally tracked, PBS NewsHour reported in February of this year, after a gunman killed three people and injured five others at Michigan State University.
At that time, at least 98 people had been killed in 12 mass shootings at U.S. colleges since 1966, according to research from the Violence Project and Best Colleges. Of those, 75% took place within the last 16 years.
Another 94 people were killed in at least 308 instances of gunfire — including individual attacks, legal intervention and self-harm — on college campuses between 2013 and 2022, reports Campus Safety magazine, citing the nonprofit Everytown for Gun Safety.
The deadliest mass shooting on a university campus happened at Virginia Tech in 2007, when a former student killed 32 people and injured 23.
That tragedy transformed the entire emergency preparedness industry, as Campus Safety reported. Up until that point, the few preparedness officers at schools were predominantly focused on natural disasters.
In the wake of Virginia Tech, schools, state governments and federal agencies reshaped their policies and protocols to improve campus safety and their emergency response.
Virginia Tech survivor Kristina Anderson Froling told Morning Edition earlier this year that one of the biggest changes was the recommendation that schools should create collaborative threat assessment teams. Those are typically composed of officials in mental health, education and law enforcement that can work together to identify threats and troubling behavior before they escalate to violence.
She said while we often think of campus security in physical terms, it’s more nuanced — and all-encompassing — than that.
“I think that that true sense of safety is, how invested are we as an individual?” she explained. “Has this school really put forth a plan? Are there activities around safety and security? Does every person feel connected to that institution? And do they care enough that they will report a broken window or a lock that should be fixed?”
What we can do for campus safety
[Casey Templeton | AP]
“We’re trying to create and maintain an open environment that is welcoming, obviously, for our students, staff and faculty but also to the general public, who want to come on the campus and enjoy,” Healy said. “At the same time we have to provide a reasonable level of safety and security.”
He stressed the importance of proactively recognizing and understanding potential threats.
“When we talk about behavioral threat assessment, we’re talking about being able to assess whether there’s someone who’s connected with the campus, connected with the institution, who we know may be experiencing some … proclivity toward violence,” he said.
At the same time, he said, schools must have robust critical incident management programs, including detailed plans for switching from normal to emergency operations.
“That’s not what we do in higher education on a regular basis, so we have to have policies, procedures and training around that,” he added.
Campus Safety recommends a range of steps schools can take, like conducting regular drills addressing a whole range of hazards, training staff on verbal de-escalation techniques and hiring security contractors as well as campus psychologists and social workers.
Healy said campus security involves a combination of precautions, from the equipment to the intelligence.
“The behavioral threat assessment helps us with the prevention,” he added. “And our response capability, what do we do if a situation like this unfolds — are we able to notify the campus community, do folks know what to do — and are we able to intervene in such an incident.”
The broadcast interview was produced by Julie Depenbrock.
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: August 29, 2023
In a previous audio version of this story, we incorrectly said the shooter was asked to leave Edward Waters University in Jacksonville, Florida. In fact, when approached by a campus security officer, the shooter fled.
Transcript :
STEVE INSKEEP, HOST:
Two shootings highlight security on college campuses. Yesterday, somebody shot and killed a faculty member at the University of North Carolina. Students and faculty barricaded themselves in dorm rooms and classrooms for a time. Last weekend, a man walked onto campus at Edward Waters University in Jacksonville. When approached by security, he fled, but opened fire at a Dollar General down the street. Steven Healy is the CEO of the Healy+ Group, a firm that specializes in campus security. Welcome to the program, sir.
STEVEN HEALY: Thank you for having me on this morning, Steve.
INSKEEP: Is there a special problem to securing a college campus as opposed to any other public or semi-public space?
HEALY: Well, I think this is one of the challenges that we deal with on a regular basis when we think about campus safety and security, where we’re trying to create and maintain an open environment that is welcoming, obviously, for our students, staff and faculty but also to the general public who we want to come on the campus and enjoy. At the same time, we have to provide a reasonable level of safety and security. And so we’re constantly balancing the approach that we use to maintain both an open environment while also maintaining a safe environment.
INSKEEP: How do you rate the threat level generally for campuses? And I should explain what I mean by that. We just heard about this shooting at UNC – horrible to hear about. We heard about the near tragedy at Edward Waters that became a tragedy down the street. But campus shootings would seem to be rare compared to other things that can happen to young people in their college experiences. Do we need to worry that much about it?
HEALY: Well, I think we definitely have to have active violence situations on the radar. There’s no way that we can categorically dismiss an incident like this. So it has to be part of our ongoing risk assessment. And we have to think about what are we doing to both prevent such an event but also to be able to respond if a tragedy like this happens on our campus, as we saw unfolding at Chapel Hill yesterday.
INSKEEP: Well, help me think through the situation then. If, as you say, it needs to be an open environment, you don’t want necessarily walls and armed guards visible and metal detectors and that sort of thing. What do you do to make a campus secure?
HEALY: So I think there are a couple of things that we can do – that we absolutely have to do on college campuses. No. 1, we have to be proactive about recognizing and understanding what our threat actually is. And when we talk about behavioral threat assessment, we’re talking about being able to assess whether there’s someone who’s connected with the campus, connected with the institution who we know may be experiencing some anxiety or some proclivity toward violence, right? So we call that behavioral threat assessment. That really became vogue in the aftermath of the Virginia Tech tragedy. We also have to have a robust critical incident management program. So what are we doing to be able to switch from a normal operation to an operation where we’re dealing with a threat like this? That’s not what we do in higher ed on a regular basis. So we have to have policies, procedures and training around that.
INSKEEP: Just got about 10 seconds. But when you talk about behavioral threat assessment, it sounds like this is less about hardware, like guns and metal detectors, and more about intelligence operations, understanding what’s out there.
HEALY: I think it’s a combination of all of those things. The behavioral threat assessment helps us with the prevention and our response capability. What do we do if a situation like this unfolds? Are we able to notify the campus community? Do folks know what to do? And are we able to intervene in such an incident?
INSKEEP: Steven Healy is an expert on campus safety. Thank you so much.
HEALY: Thank you, Steve.
(SOUNDBITE OF BRAMBLES’ “PINK AND GOLDEN BILLOWS”) Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.